The Chemical Composition And Formula Of It - 1002 Words

BAD What is the chemical composition/formula of it? (Is it ionic/molecular, neutral, and acid or a base?) Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) is a molecular compound however it forms ionic bonds. It is an alkaloid which means that it is an organic nitrogen containing a base. Caffeine is only slightly basic. Where is the compound/element found? Caffeine is found naturally in many trees and plants. Currently, environmental issues including deforestation, pesticide pollution, habitat destruction, soil and water degradation are in part due to the production and harvesting on modern day coffee farms and their surrounding areas. How is it made? Caffeine is often harvested in large coffee plantations where working conditions are poor and workers aren’t treated ethically. The working conditions are not up to code, as many workers, bath and prepare food from the same water, the men often sleep in temporary shelters, and many work with inadequate health care and education. Economically, coffee production in unfair, as many farmers have to sell their coffee for less money than it costs to produce it, and family farmers can sometimes only make an income of $300-$1000 annually. Is it natural. Synthetic or both? Caffeine can be synthetic or natural however, synthetic caffeine affects our bodies in different ways than naturally sourced caffeine does. Synthetic caffeine is made in a lab and it requires the synthesis of urea which is exposed to many harsh chemicals including methyl chloride andShow MoreRelatedThe Building Blocks of Life1080 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss the chemical composition of each of them. And I will go over the functions of each of them. The chemical composition of adenine consists of two major elements. One component of adenine consists N by H squared, also known as nitrogen multiplied by hydrogen squared. The majority of the portions of adenine compose of entirely nitrogen. And one section of adenine is N by H, also known as Nitrogen multiplied by Hydrogen. Adenine has a quite complex network of elements. The chemical formula used toRead MoreMagnesium and MgO760 Words   |  3 Pagesthere were only two different empirical formulas, percent compositions and mole ratios for each of the trials. For the first trial, the empirical formula was MgO and the percent composition for magnesium was 60.31% and the percent composition for oxygen was 39.69%. For the second trial, the empirical formula was Mg2O and the percent composition for magnesium was 75.24% and the percent composition for oxygen was 25%. For the last trial, the empirical formula was MgO but that was after the simplificationRead MoreDottoressa Di Filosofi a1488 Words   |  6 PagesTopics 2 Chapter 1 Topics ï  ¯ Matter and its Classification ï  ¯ Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties of Matter ï  ¯ Energy and Energy Changes (skip) ï  ¯ Scientific Inquiry Chapter 1 Math Toolboxes ï  ¯ Scientific Notation (exponential notation) ï  ¯ Significant Figures ï  ¯ Units and Conversions Chem 100 Spring 2014 Classification of Matter ï  ¯ Chemistry is a branch of physical science, concerned with the study of the composition, properties and behavior of matter. ï  ¯ Matter is anything that occupies spaceRead MoreChemical Formulas And The Processes For The Chemical Reactions1237 Words   |  5 Pages This experiment was performed to become familiar with chemical formulas and the processes for the chemical reactions. By breaking down the chemicals, we were able to obtain certain reactants that were already part of the product. In three trials, the zinc chloride’s mass ranged from 1.16 g to 1.62 g. Mass of the chlorine found in the zinc chloride ranged from 0.66 g to 0.96 g. In the three trials of the copper sulfide lab, the copper sulfide’s mass ranged from 2.38 g to 3.18 g. The mass of theRead MoreQuantitative And Quantitative Analysis On Chemical Reactions1401 Words   |  6 Pagesthe unit Quantities in Chemical Reactions were separated into two sections: Quantities in Chemical Formulas and Stoichiometry in Chemical Reactions. The first section involved qualitative and quantitative analysis, using the mole as a unit of calculation, calculating mass, molar mass and number of entities, calculating percentage composition and dealing with empirical and molecular for mulas. The second section of the unit involved, mole ratios and mass relationships in chemical equations, determiningRead MoreSilver Oxide Lab966 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Radha Shukla Determination of the Empirical Formula of Silver Oxide Will/Radha College Chemistry 9/12 – 9/13 9/17 The purpose of this lab is to use one of the ways to identify different compounds and be able to tell them apart. Based off of experimentation, the empirical formula of the given silver oxide will be determined. Materials: Chemicals: Silver Oxide, 0.5g Equipment: Balance, 0.001-g or 0.0001-g precision Bunsen Burner Clay pipestem triangle Crucible and cubicle lid,Read MoreBread Produced with 100% Ontario Based Flour900 Words   |  4 Pagespresent formula to new flour chemical composition. The objective of our investigation in this phase was to apply Ontario flour, and get the bread with the same moisture, and volume as it is originally. After this first attempt in January, 2013 we firstly tried to increase gluten structure. Gluten is additive commonly used in bakery industry which primary function is to enhance gas retention capacity, water absorption, and retention, as well as, increase dough strength. Initially, our formula containedRead MoreThe Effect Of Food Processing On Molecular Structure Of Processed Food930 Words   |  4 Pages(by-product of dairy industry) to separate whey to different components, proteins or peptides. 4.2. Second application, production of infant formula from whey: There is a gap in research in the area of infant formula that based on whey protein. Electrodialysis is a promising eco-efficient technique to modulate whey composition to resemble human milk composition. 5. The fifth objective is value adding studies that will be performing on the recovered fractions from the previous objective before andRead MoreReport On Chemical Composition And Structure Of Csh1308 Words   |  6 PagesCE 2020: Construction Materials Report on Chemical composition and Structure of CSH Arjit Soni ES13B1005 Introduction: The C-S-H gel is the most abundant reaction product in cement, occupying about half of the paste volume, it is also responsible for most of the properties of cement paste. This is just not because it is a strong or stable phase but because it forms a continuous layer that binds the cement particles together. All the other hydration products of cement form discrete crystals thatRead MoreThe Formula Of Zinc And Hydrochloric Acid1185 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the lab. When zinc and hydrochloric acid are mixed together, the reaction took place in an evaporating dish that was accompanied by hydrogen gas. Then we measured out the mass of zinc and chlorine in the reaction and calculated the empirical formula of zinc chloride which was ZnCl8. Based on the conservation of mass, we balanced the equation and got Zn(s) + 8 HCl (aq) → ZnCl8 (s) + 4 H2 (g). In the second part of the experiment, we obtained copper wire and sulfur from the instructor. Then we

The State Of Oregon - 959 Words

In 2014, the state of Oregon was the first state to pass a law that allows children at the age of 15 to undergo surgery for transgender, and they do not need the consent of their parents. Why, you may? Well, let’s take a look. As stated before Oregon was the first state to offer gender reassignment to minors. However, ironically it is illegal in that same state for a 15 year old to drive, smoke, donate blood, get a tattoo, or even go to a tanning booth. The state is doing this treatment with Medicaid, using tax-payers money. A doctor by the name of Dr. Jack Drescher from New York commented, â€Å" I believe the age of 15 is too young to be offering this treatment. Children may not fully understand all the consequences of the procedures they are undergoing.† However, a transgender lady named Jenn Burleton agrees with the state of Oregon and believes parents should not have the right to get involved. She under- went gender reassignment surgery, but the age was unspecifi ed. She had this to say,† requiring parental consent would lead to more suffering and teen suicide attempts.† Perhaps, you are asking yourself this question, what is gender dysphoria? I have the answer. Gender dysphoria is â€Å" the diagnosis typically given to a person whose assigned birth gender is not the same as the one with which they identify.† However, let’s not confuse this with sexual orientation, this does not mean they are homosexual, this means they do not identify who they are as their given birthShow MoreRelatedMy Favorite Place At The World Is The State Of Oregon912 Words   |  4 PagesOregon My favorite place in the world is the state of Oregon. The reason for this being my favorite place is because of how green and simply beautiful this place is. I have had the fortune of getting to visit this state twice. I even took a train ride home from Washington through Oregon down to California. I must add the scenery is seriously beautiful. I have never seen so many trees in my life. The name Oregon means windstorm or hurricane. The reason they gave it this name is because ofRead MoreComparison: State Income Tax, Oregon vs. Florida2613 Words   |  11 PagesIncome Tax, Oregon vs Florida, Comparison and Analysis Income tax, as defined by thefreedictionary.com, is â€Å"A charge imposed by government on the annual gains of a person, corporation, or other taxable unit derived through work, business pursuits, investments, property dealings, and other sources determined in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code or state law.† In layman s terms, Income tax is money taken out of someone s pay and given to the government, state, federal, or in some casesRead MoreEconomic Health Of Oregon By Looking At Gross State Product, Unemployment, And Inflation Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pagesmore people are employed then more output can be produced contributing to Gross State Product. Inflation is an indication because it determines how much real value is being lost(Graham). In this paper I will analytically discuss the economic health of Oregon by looking at its Gross State Product, unemployment and cost of living. Gross State Product(GSP) is the total dollar value of all final output produced wi thin a state in a certain time period, usually one year (Schiller). The aspects that contributeRead More Oregon Geography Essay examples1705 Words   |  7 Pages The Oregon Coast runs from north to south along the Pacific Ocean. Oregon is three-hundred and sixty miles long and two-hundred and sixty miles wide, making it the ninth largest state. Oregon is bordered by California and Nevada on the south, Washington on the north, Idaho on the west and of course, the Pacific Ocean. Oregons nickname is the Beaver State because in the nineteenth century beaver skins were very valuable to trappers in the area. 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Without sales tax, in this five states, people can buy everything without spending extra dollar for tax, which mean they will have extra ‘money’ for saving or spending to other goods compared to other states because some of states impose both income and sales taxRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase, The Oregon Treaty, And The California Gold Rush948 Words   |  4 PagesThere were many important events that helped to achieve the goal of Man ifest Destiny. For example, the Louisiana Purchase, the Oregon Treaty, and the California Gold Rush all helped achieve this goal. All of these events had either increased the amount of land in the United States, or increased the population of people living in Western United States. One event that occurred during the time of Manifest Destiny was the Louisiana Purchase. 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However, while there are several similarities there are also several differences in each individual states correctional programs and philosophies. Consequently, those similarities and differences for the states of North Carolina and Oregon will be individually analyzed and explored. The state of North Carolina advocatesRead MoreACT and College Research Paper633 Words   |  3 Pageswell on national exams such as the ACT can solve this problem with possible scholarships offered at colleges. Understanding the purpose and description of the ACT as well as the information about the tuition fee and the Pre-Pharmacy program at Oregon State University is important for me to get a head start on my future education. According to The ACT, the purpose of the test is to give colleges additional information about the student’s academic ability other than the student’s grades. The ACT score

English Article Review

Question: Discuss about theEnglishfor Article Review. Answer: Issue Whether Islam impacts on cultural and economic dimensions and how it pressures and forms the character and uniqueness if the Middle Eta entrepreneurship? Objective of Study The objective of the study was: To study the impact of the religion of Islam on the geo-political and cultural scopes which influence entrepreneurship and development of personal enterprises; To study that how Islam influences entrepreneurial traits; To study the gender base difference in private enterprises; To Study the impact of education on such issues; To Study the impact of family business on the development of entrepreneurship on Islamic religion. Literature Review (Fattah and Butterfied, 2006) states that from the majority of 1.2. billion population, Muslims or the Islamic people represents about 22 percent if the worlds population. It has also been depicted by (Creevey, 1985) that liberated market venture and trade dealings were expectant by Islam. According to (Welsh and Raven, 2006) in the Gulf states the customary Muslim civilization was being immensely effected by the development of individuals and arrival of individuals from outside the region. At the same time as per (Fahed-Sreih, et al., 2009) culture has been described as a major circumstantial variable in understanding entrepreneurship all over the cultures. Also by (Rice, 1999 and Basu and Altinay, 2002) it has been stated that religion plays a vital role as a internal element of the culture of an entrepreneur and establish that it was internal to labor. Bt it was stated by (Pistrui and Fahed- sreih, 2010) that in the past Islam was considered as a obstruction to entrepreneurship but practically it was a method to assist the entrepreneurs in the market. Research Methodology The method of study used by the authors in this research was the secondary form of research which was Qualitative way. Key Findings Entrepreneurship has been observed as a budding market trend globally. Particularly the Gulf region in the Middle East has detained the attention of the globe for supporting, financial causes. Also, the driving force put forths great imforce on the economic growth and the trade in relation to religion as a subject. But in religion particularly Islam was often professed as a obstacle for trade growth and entrepreneurship, yet from the view of a number of economists market has been observed as the normal vehicle for conducting deals (Gasparski, Ryan Kwiatkowski, 2011). Basically this article specifically states and defines the impact of Islam religion and its influence on the budding trend of entrepreneurship and growth of the private organizations. But it could be stated that entrepreneurship could be confirmed as a part of Islamic culture. As according to Prophet Mohammad, there were a number of Muslim people who were successful entrepreneurs globally and Islam invite all those people to be innovative entrepreneurs and active participants. Specifically, entrepreneurship has been seen to be an area of their trade in particular Muslims in early Islam but not invulnerable to the prophet himself. Also, the role of family trades and issues of gender participation have also been considered appropriate for concentrating on such problems. Because politics of Islamic religion was seen to be a significant force which shapes entrepreneurship in the Middle East countries. Although, it has been considered that the legal private efforts were seen to be as a legitimate way of gaining money under the Islamic culture. But money was not considered valuable for Muslims. Islam pressures functioning mutually rather than independently making an affiliation orientation (Gasparski, Ryan Kwiatkowski, 2011). Though, liberated market venture and trade dealings were expectant by Islam but some researchers stated that in Islam certain essential concepts which were related with working hard and lawful trade operations were satisfactory shapes of act. Islam guides the cultures and governs by the successors of royal clans of the Middle East who have turn out to be Kings, Princes or dictators. And as Entrepreneurship have been well-established in a multifaceted network of social associations often connected to family. A number of public norms and practices have been seen to be rooted from their spiritual, societal, financial essentials which form private enterprise and project growth of the Middle East. The culture and the Muslim were an attractive and significant representation of the multifaceted associations and performances that control private enterprise and monetary growth of the state (Pistrui, 2005). Governments all over the region were centralised and were administered by relatives and convicted faithful individuals of the rule. According to a researcher, the Gulf States required to generate 280,000 jobs a year to engage the adult graduates from universities. The main face was that students do not mark off with the knowledge to work and struggle in the market. But one of the primary traditions to change the mindset of religion was through education (Gasparski, Ryan Kwiatkowski, 2011). Similarly, more and more woman must be required to include their authorities, safeguarding them from pouring and dividing people by sex were not authorized by Quranic law but globally driven practices in certain areas. Hitherto, the leaders across the region distinguish the requirement to authorize entrepreneurship, the growth of sustainable SMEs and assist the entrenched family trades steer series and flourish into the upcoming age group. The family network was one of the middle constituent administering the Middle East socio-economic scheme. Family trades were the locomotive that coerces socio-economic growth and prosperity conception globally as entrepreneurship was a major factor of family trades. The capability to make and promote an capitalist approach transversely people was a chief constituent of family trades stability and was active in useful strategic modernization and development (Pistrui, 2005). Consumerist led organizations of the family have only a standard life time of 24 years. Only 30% exists into the 2nd age group, 10% into the 3rd and a simple 3% into the 4th. During the Middle East relatives and directly apprehended corporations control the personal sector financial system. As a consequence of such dynamic socio-economic terms a number of people were inquiring what creates Middle Eastern relatives trades unique. The reply was basically for three reasons such as: The innovative and budding trade climate across the region; The exceptional rights and governance practices; The management and mindset linked with multigenerational stability and trade series. Conclusions So, after reviewing the article it has been concluded at the end that the Islam was a obstacle in the past but currently it has been used as a entrepreneurial tool. As it has been observed that a number of people who has been successful entrepreneurs belong to Islamic background. And it was education which was a medium by which an individual could lead and make immense growth. Family trades which were taken over by the descendents also create a way for entrepreneurship as it could add innovative told and innovative methods to develop trades and lead the market place. References Creevey, L. (1985) Muslim brotherhoods and politics in Senegal in 1985, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.715721. Fahed-Sreih, J., Pistrui, D., Huang, W. and Welsch, H. (2009) Family and cultural factors impacting entrepreneurship in war time Lebanon, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, Interscience Publishers, Geneve, Switzerland, forthcoming. Fattah, M. and Butterfield, J. (2006) Muslim cultural entrepreneurs and the democracy debate, Critical Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp.4978, Spring, Routledge, NY, USA. Gasparski, W.W., Ryan, C.V. Kwiatkowski, S.M. (2011). Entrepreneurship: Values and Responsibility. Vol 17, 221. Pistrui, D. (2005) Wealth generation, Middle East Economic Digest, 1521 April, Vol. 49, No. 15, p.15, London, UK. Pistrui, D., and Fahed-Sreih, J.(2010). Islam, entrepreneurship and business values in the Middle East, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, Vol 12, No, 1, 107-118. Rice, G. (1999) Islamic ethics and implications for business, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.345358. Welsh, D. and Raven, P. (2006) Family business in the Middle East: an exploratory study of retail management in Kuwait and Lebanon, Family Business Review, March, Vol. 19, No. 1.

J.R. Essays - Freemasons, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,

J.R. Music, Ludwig Van Beethoven and W.A. Mozart are the two most important musicians of their time. Their pieces are everlasting and will live on forever. Their styles are so unique and uplifting that they could never be matched. These masterminds played in the same time period but their lives differed tremendously. There are some similarities and many differences between these two but one fact will remain: They are the central and most vital part of all music. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the most prolific and important musical innovators we have ever seen. His style of music helped re-shape music and the Classical period. Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria in 1756. Mozart was a child prodigy, claiming most success as a youth. At the age of six, Mozart could play the harpsichord and violin, improvise fugues, write minuets, and read music perfectly. At the age of eight, he wrote a symphony and at eleven, an oratorio. Then amazingly, at the age of twelve he wrote an opera. Mozart's father was Leopold Mozart, a court musician. Both Mozart and Beethoven had help from their fathers in different ways. Mozart's father helped him travel around as a young musician and with this he traveled many places and seen many well-known people and aristocrats. With Mozart's early successes came many challenges to his life. He had greater expectations from the community and from his father. Unlike, Beethoven, Mozart was a bit spoiled as a youth and because of this he would not tolerate to be treated as a servant. He completely relied on his father to help him and would not work with the archbishop. This would become a problem when Mozart did not develop enough initiative and could not make decisions on his own. Then, at age 25, Mozart broke free of Salzburg and became a freelance musician in Vienna. This is where Mozart found some success. He wrote, Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail, a German opera in 1782. Mozart earned a living giving lessons and holding concerts. Mozart later wrote Don Giovanni and The marriage of Figaro and these were highly acclaimed pieces. Eventually, Mozart's popularity faded and his music was found to be too complicated and hard to follow. Mozart's music was very versatile and his masterpieces were in many forms. His piano concertos are very important and are popular pieces. Mozart was also a master of the opera, writing many popular operas in his time. During his last year, Mozart was more successful. He wrote and opera and a Requiem, which he did not finish. W.A. Mozart's great passion in his work can be felt in many of his various works and his style is that of the utmost perfection and can never be replicated. Mozart died in 1791, in Vienna at the age of just 35. Ludwig Van Beethoven came in the later part of the Classical Period and helped bridge this period with the Romantic era. Beethoven is considered by many the greatest musician to ever play and is a mere genius. His influence is felt today and will continue to be felt throughout time, with his pieces being so dramatic and profound that they will never be lost. Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany in 1770, into a family of musicians. Beethoven was not as much a child star as Mozart but did accomplish many things as a youth. Beethoven played for Mozart at age sixteen and Mozart said, Keep your eyes on him; some day he will give the world something to talk about. When Beethoven was twenty-two he left Germany and went to Vienna, to study with Joseph Haydn. Beethoven had a extremely rough upbringing, with his father being an alcoholic and a very abusive person. Many of Beethoven's works are based on the horrendous experiences he had growing up. Beethoven had two brothers, both younger. Beethoven's father died when he was young, so he was forced to take care of the family. Beethoven was a self-educated, very vain and self-absorbed man. He had very high expectations and was often said to have very rude and disastrous behavior. Beethoven refused to be a servant and refused to be told what to do, claiming that he should be treated as

By the 1850s the Constitution DBQ essays

By the 1850s the Constitution DBQ essays Assignment: By the 1850s the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it had created. Assess the validity of this statement. The Constitution continued to bring national unity until the 1850s, but later, a series of resolutions raised a great confusion about the view of the Constitution concerning slavery. At this time, the law encouraged a growing split between the North and the South. The Compromise of 1850 seemed to satisfy the States, while it declared California a free State, gave a reasonable amount of money to Kansas, and allowed slave States to keep their slaves from deserting onto free States. (Doc. A) After a while, the number of fugitive slaves increased and it called for a new law. The Fugitive State Law led to a storm of opposition including the passage of personal liberty laws which were designed to hamper its enforcement. (Doc. B, D, F) The fugitive slave law turned out to be a major blunter on the part of the south while it awakened in the north a spirit of antagonism. To them this was a statute, which enacted the crime of kidnapping and it ordained disunion. (Doc. C, D) In 1853 the purchase from Mexico for $10 million gave south an advantage in the debate over the route for a transcontinental railroad, which was finally approved to pass by the organized territories of Kansas and Nebraska. But the question of slavery had yet to be answered in the Kansas-Nebraska territory. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed that this issue be decided by popular sovereignty (but this violated the Missouri compromise of 1820). Kansas residents moved to free Nebraska and Nebraska residents moved to slave holding Kansas, but the transaction was followed by hostilities in many cases. Religious whites came in to fight and protest against slavery, cau ...

Your Study Guide to Italo Calvinos Invisible Cities

Your Study Guide to Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities Published in Italian in 1972, Italo Calvinos Invisible Cities consists of a sequence of imaginary dialogues between the Venetian traveler Marco Polo and the Tartar emperor Kublai Khan. In the course of these discussions, the young Polo describes a series of metropolises, each of which bears a womans name, and each of which is radically different from all the others. The descriptions of these cities are arranged in eleven groups in Calvinos text: Cities and Memory, Cities and Desire, Cities and Signs, Thin Cities, Trading Cities, Cities and Eyes, Cities and Names, Cities and the Dead, Cities and the Sky, Continuous Cities, and Hidden Cities. Although Calvino uses historical personages for his main characters, this dreamlike novel does not really belong to the historical fiction genre. And even though some of the cities that Polo evokes for the aging Kublai are futuristic communities or physical impossibilities, it is equally difficult to argue that Invisible Cities is a typical work of fantasy, science fiction, or even magical realism. Calvino scholar Peter Washington maintains that Invisible Cities is impossible to classify in formal terms. But the novel can be loosely described as an exploration- , sometimes playful, sometimes melancholy- , of the powers of the imagination, of the fate of human culture, and of the elusive nature of storytelling itself. As Kublai speculates, perhaps this dialogue of ours is taking place between two beggars named Kublai Khan and Marco Polo; as they sift through a rubbish heap, piling up rusted flotsam, scraps of cloth, wastepaper, while drunk on the few sips of bad wine, they see all the treasure of the East shine around them (104). Italo Calvino’s Life and Work Italo Calvino (Italian, 1923-1985) began his career as a writer of realistic stories, then developed an elaborate and intentionally disorienting manner of writing that borrows from canonical Western literature, from folklore, and from popular modern forms such as mystery novels and comic strips. His taste for confusing variety is very much in evidence in Invisible Cities, where 13th-century explorer Marco Polo describes skyscrapers, airports, and other technological developments from the modern era. But it is also possible that Calvino is mixing historical details in order to comment indirectly on 20th-century social and economic issues. Polo at one point recalls a city where household goods are replaced on a daily basis by newer models, where street cleaners â€Å"are welcomed like angels,† and where mountains of garbage can be seen on the horizon (114-116). Elsewhere, Polo tells Kublai of a city that was once peaceful, spacious, and rustic, only to become nightmarishly over- populated in a matter of years (146-147). Marco Polo and Kublai Khan In real life, Marco Polo (1254-1324) was an Italian explorer who spent 17 years in China and established friendly relations with Kublai Khan’s court. Polo documented his travels in his book Il milione (literally translated The Million, but usually referred to as The Travels of Marco Polo), and his accounts became immensely popular in Renaissance Italy. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was a Mongolian general who brought China under his rule, and also controlled regions of Russia and the Middle East. Readers of English may also be familiar with the much-anthologized poem â€Å"Kubla Khan† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834). Like Invisible Cities, Coleridge’s piece has little to say about Kublai as a historical personage and is more interested in presenting Kublai as a character who represents immense influence, immense wealth, and underlying vulnerability. Self-Reflexive Fiction Invisible Cities is not the only narrative from the middle of the 20th century that serves as an investigation of storytelling. Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) created short fictions that feature imaginary books, imaginary libraries, and imaginary literary critics. Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) composed a series of novels (Molloy, Malone Dies, The Unnamable) about characters who agonize over the best ways to write their life stories. And John Barth (1930-present) combined parodies of standard writing techniques with reflections on artistic inspiration in his career-defining short story â€Å"Lost in the Funhouse†. Invisible Cities does not refer directly to these works the way it refers directly to Thomas More’s Utopia or Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World. But it can stop seeming totally offbeat or totally baffling when considered in this wider, international context of self-conscious writing. Form and Organization Although each of the cities that Marco Polo describes appears to be distinct from all the others, Polo makes a surprising declaration halfway through Invisible Cities (page 86 out of 167 pages total). â€Å"Every time I describe a city,† remarks Polo to the inquisitive Kublai, â€Å"I am saying something about Venice.† The placement of this information indicates just how far Calvino is departing from standard methods of writing a novel. Many classics of Western literature- from Jane Austen’s novels to the short stories of James Joyce and William Faulkner, to works of detective fiction- build up to dramatic discoveries or confrontations that only take place in the final sections. Calvino, in contrast, has situated a stunning explanation in the dead center of his novel. He has not abandoned traditional tactics of conflict and surprise, but he has found non-traditional uses for them. Moreover, while it is difficult to locate an overall pattern of escalating conflict, climax, and resolution in Invisible Cities, the book does have a clear organizational scheme. And here, too, there is a sense of a central dividing line. Polo’s accounts of different cities are arranged in nine separate sections in the following, roughly symmetrical fashion: Section 1 (10 accounts) Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 (5 accounts) Section 9 (10 accounts) Often, a principle of symmetry or duplication is responsible for the layouts of the cities Polo tells Kublai about. At one point, Polo describes a city built over a reflecting lake, so that every action of the inhabitants â€Å"is, at once, that action and its mirror image† (53). Elsewhere, he talks about a city â€Å"built so artfully that its every street follows a planet’s orbit, and the buildings and the places of community life repeat the order of the constellations and the position of the most luminous stars† (150). Forms of Communication Calvino provides some very specific information about the strategies that Marco Polo and Kublai use to communicate with each other. Before he learned Kublai’s language, Marco Polo â€Å"could express himself only by drawing objects from his baggage- drums, salt fish, necklaces of wart hogs’ teeth- and pointing to them with gestures, leaps, cries of wonder or of horror, imitating the bay of the jackal, the hoot of the owl† (38). Even after they have become fluent in one another’s languages, Marco and Kublai find communication based on gestures and objects immensely satisfying. Yet the two characters’ different backgrounds, different experiences, and different habits of interpreting the world naturally make perfect understanding impossible. According to Marco Polo, â€Å"it is not the voice that commands the story; it is the ear† (135). Culture, Civilization, History Invisible Cities frequently calls attention to the destructive effects of time and the uncertainty of humanity’s future. Kublai has reached an age of thoughtfulness and disillusionment, which Calvino describes thus: â€Å"It is the desperate moment when we discover that this empire, which had seemed to us the sum of all wonders, is an endless, formless ruin, that corruption’s gangrene has spread too far to be healed by our scepter, that the triumph over enemy sovereigns has made us the heirs of their long undoing† (5). Several of Polo’s cities are alienating, lonely places, and some of them feature catacombs, huge cemeteries, and other sites devoted to the dead. But Invisible Cities is not an entirely bleak work. As Polo remarks about one of the most miserable of his cities, â€Å"there runs an invisible thread that binds one living being to another for a moment, the unravels, then is stretched again between moving points as it draws new and rapid pattern s so that at every second the unhappy city contains a happy city unaware of its own existence† (149). A Few Discussion Questions: How do Kublai Khan and Marco Polo differ from the characters you have encountered in other novels? What new information about their lives, their motives, and their desires Calvino have to provide if he were writing a more traditional narrative?What are some sections of the text that you can understand much better when you take into consideration the background material on Calvino, Marco Polo, and Kublai Khan? Is there anything that historical and artistic contexts cannot clarify?Despite Peter Washington’s assertion, can you think of a concise way of classifying the form or genre of Invisible Cities?What kind of a view of human nature do Invisible Cities seem to endorse? Optimistic? Pessimistic? Divided? Or totally unclear? You might want to return to some of the passages about the fate of civilization when thinking about this question. Note on Citations:  All page numbers refer to William Weavers widely-available translation of Calvinos novel (Harcourt, Inc., 1974).

John Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

John - Essay Example There is utilization of symbolism and double meaning, for example, referring the temple as the body, water and spirit, life and death. With reference to the use of vocabulary, there is simple use of English. The book of John contains immense differences that are striking and enhance its differentiation with the rest if the three gospels books. It is worth noting close to 90% of the content of this book are not found in the rest of the gospels. It makes them unique. However, the four books complement each other in delivering the message of the gospel. John provides immense information about the messiah that is unavailable in the synoptic gospels. The first three gospels are the synoptic gospels, in that they all have a common revelation and view unlike the book of John that differs significantly from the rest with close reference to themes, time of recording, content, style of writing and order of events. In the introduction section of the synoptic, the authors express about the birth of Jesus and His baptism. They are very systematic in presentation, in that Jesus is born, baptized, and then commences his ministry after temptation in the desert. They also mention the baptism of John the Baptist and the role he did play in the coming of the messiah. He continues with his ministry, until his last week, death and resurrection. All this information is detailed enough. It differs in the way John writes. The book commences with a prologue and ends with an epilogue. In between there, exists some stories of Jesus that are not related chronologically or geographically. These stories simply emphasize how the messiah engaged in different controversies with other people and the various signs that he worked. Between chapters 13-20, he explains of the in-depth stories of death and resurrection. In comparison with the synoptic that explains how Jesus went to Jerusalem at the end of his life, Johnà ¢â‚¬â„¢s perceive that the ministry of Jesus is mainly

Flight deck system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flight deck system - Research Paper Example A cockpit is a small room located in front of an aircraft fuselage that serves as the operating area for the pilot and the co-pilot. It contains the flight instruments and controlling handles for the pilot to easily manipulate the aircraft. This is the area where the pilot and the co- pilot fly the aircraft. In some aircraft, the windows are shielded as a protection from the sun. Usually, windows of cockpits are capable of being opened while on the ground and some have heating elements to melt the ice and avoid fog, therefore clears the view. In retrospect, cockpits only contain few and simple parts including an adjustable seat, windscreens, control columns, rudder pedals, and parking brakes. This system has been used in the present until the development of a standard cockpit emerged. The beginning of autopilot system is designed for the pilot’s use and mainly to lessen the pilot’s workload. The Autopilot Control an artificial (attitude indicator) and directional gyro to operate elevator and rudder but not ailerons because wind dihedral produces the necessary roll stability. In the present day, an autopilot is an ability to take off, straight and level flight, descent, approach and landing except the taxiing. The advantage of autopilot is that it can land by keeping on the center of the runway line. It also helps the pilot by landing in a poor visibility such as in times of fog. Autopilot is controlled by computer software. It reads from the aircraft’s position and controls flight system to guide the aircraft.

Responsibilities of a paediatric first aider Essay Example for Free

Responsibilities of a paediatric first aider Essay Maintain your own safety Contact the emergency services Give accurate and useful information to the emergency services Support the casualty physically and emotionally Appreciate your own limitations Know when to intervene and when to wait for more specialist help to arrive. PEFAP 001 1.2: Describe how to minimise the risk of infection to self and others Wash your hands with soap and water before and immediately after giving first aid. If gloves are available for use in first aid situations, you should also wash your hands thoroughly before putting the gloves on and after disposing of them. (Plastic bags can be used when gloves are unavailable.) Avoid contact with body fluids when possible. Do not touch objects that may be soiled with blood or other body fluids. Be careful not to prick yourself with broken glass or any sharp objects found on or near the injured person. Prevent injuries when using, handling, cleaning or disposing of sharp instruments or devices. Cover cuts or other skin-breaks with dry and clean dressings. Chronic skin conditions may cause open sores on hands. People with these conditions should avoid direct contact with any injured person who is bleeding or has open wounds. PEFAP 001 1.3: Describe suitable first aid equipment, including personal protection and how it is used appropriately. (Print off your PPE report) All first aid boxes should have a white cross on a green background. Guidelines published by the National Association of Child Minders, NCMA, as well as Ofsted and experienced paediatric first aid trainers, recommend that the first aid box in a child care setting should contain the items listed include: 1 first aid guidance leaflet 1 large sterile wound dressing 1 pair disposable gloves 10 individually wrapped wipes 2 sterile eye pads 1 pair of scissors 1 packet hypoallergenic plasters – in assorted sizes 3 medium sterile wound dressings 2 triangular bandages 5 finger bob bandages (no applicator needed) 4 safety pins It is recommended that you do not keep tablets and medicines in the first aid box. PEFAP 001 1.4: Describe what information needs to be included in an accident report/incident record and how to record it. Details of all reportable incidents, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences must be recorded, including: The date when the report is made The method of reporting The date, time and place of the event Personal details of those involved A brief description of the nature of the event or disease. Records can be kept in any form but must conform to data protection requirements . PEFAP 001 1.5: Define an infant and or a child for the purpose of first aid treatment. Paediatric first aid focuses on infants and children. An infant is defined as being from birth to the age of one year and a child is defined as one year of age to the onset of puberty. Children are however different sizes and a small child over the age of one may be treated as an infant. Similarly puberty can be difficult to recognise, so treat the child according to the age that you think they are, larger children should be treated with adult techniques. PEFAP 001 3.2: Describe how to continually assess and monitor an infant and a child whilst in your care. Remember your ABC and continue to monitor the infant or child in your care until you can hand over to a doctor or paramedic. A is for AIRWAY : check that the airway remains open. Always monitor a child while in recovery position. B is for BREATHING: Check that breathing is normal and regular. C is for CIRCULATION: check the pulse (if you are trained and experienced) but ensure you take no more than ten seconds to do this: (a) In a child over one  year : feel for the carotid pulse in the neck by placing your fingers in the groove between the Adam’s apple and the large muscle running from the side of the neck . (b) In an infant: feel for the brachial pulse on the inner aspect of the upper arm by lightly pressing your fingers towards the bone on the inside of the upper arm and hole them there for five seconds. PEFAP 001 4.1: Identify when to administer CPR to an unresponsive infant and a child who is not breathing normally. CPR should only be carried out when an infant or child is unresponsive and not breathing normally. If the infant or child has any signs of normal breathing, or coughing, or movement, do not begin to do chest compressions. Doing so may cause the heart to stop beating. PEFAP 001 4.3: Describe how to deal with an infant and a child who is experiencing a seizure. Witnessing a child having an epileptic seizure is a very unpleasant experience, particularly the first one. However, some young children experience what is termed a Febrile Seizure which is brought on when the child has a high temperature or infection. Recognition Stiffening of child’s body Twitching of arms and legs Loss of consciousness May wet or soil themselves May vomit or foam at the mouth Usually lasts for less than five minutes May be sleepy for up to an hour afterwards Treatment Protect them with cushioning or padding- do not hold them down. Cool them down by removing some clothing. When the seizures stop, place the child in the recovery position and monitor signs of life. If they become unresponsive or the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes then you must call 999/112 for an ambulance. PEFAP 001 5.1: Differentiate between a mild and a severe airway obstruction. A mild airway is usually a partial obstruction, it means the entire airway is not closed off, so air is able to pass by the obstruction,  and the victim can respond and cough forcefully , or may wheeze between coughs. In a serer airway obstruction, the airway is completely blocked off and the victim cannot breathe because air cannot pass by the object. PEFAP 001 5.3: Describe the procedure to be followed after administering the treatment for choking. The child may experience difficulties after having treatment for choking-for example, a persistent cough or difficulties with swallowing or breathing. It is important to monitor and assess the child’s condition and to seek medical help if the problem persists. PEFAP 001 6.1: Describe common types of wounds. A cut (incision): This can be caused from a sharp edge, such as a tin can ,that can lead to a lot of bleeding. A torn wound (laceration): is a jagged wound that can be caused by a broken toy, a fall or collision. Graze or abrasion: cause by friction or scraping, generally happens when children fall. Bruises or contusion: is bleeding underneath the skin. The blood collects and results in a black/blue mark. Children often have bruises on their skin, chin and head from knocking themselves or falling. Soft tissue bruises should be investigated if you have a concern about them. Puncture wound: cause by the body being pierced by an object, for example , a child falling whilst carrying a pair of scissors. Velocity wound: cause by an item travelling at high speed such as a bullet from a gun. PEFAP 001 6.4: Describe how to administer first aid for minor injuries. With minor bleeding from cuts and abrasions the emphasis is on keeping the wound clean and to control any blood loss. Wear disposable gloves. Examine the injury for any embedded foreign objects. Clean the wound under fresh running water. Sit the casualty down. If they feel weak and unsteady, position them on the floor. Clean the skin around the wound with wet sterile gauze or sterile non-alcoholic wipes and carefully remove any grit or dirt. Do not remove any embedded object. Elevate the injury to control any blood loss. Dry the wound with sterile gauze and apply a plaster or sterile dressing. Advise the parent or guardian of the child or infant to seek medical attention if necessary. PEFAP 001 7.1: Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from shock. After an initial adrenaline rush, the body withdraws blood from the skin in order to maintain the vital organs – and the oxygen supply to the brain drops. The infant or child will have: Pale, cold, clammy skin that is oftern grey-blue in colour, especially around the lips A rapid pulse, becoming weaker Shallow, fast breathing. In an infant The anterior fontanelle is drawn in (depressed). In an infant or a child may show: Unusual restlessness, yawning and gasping for air Thirst Loss of consciousness The treatment is the same for an infant and a child. If possible, ask someone to call an ambulance while you stay with the child . Lay the child down, keeping her head low to improve the blood supply to the brain. Treat any obvious cause, such as severe bleeding. Raise the child’s leg and support them with pillows or on a cushion on a pile of books. Loosen any tight clothing at the neck, chest and waist to help with the child/s breathing. For an infant: hold the infant on your lap while you loosen her clothing and offer comfort and reassurance. Cover the child with a blanket or coat to keep her warm. Never use a hot-water bottle or any other direct source of heat. Reassure the child: keep talking to her and monitoring her condition while you wait for the ambulance. If the infant or child loses consciousness, open her airway, check her breathing and be prepared to give rescue breaths. Do not give the child anything to eat or drink: if she complains of thirst, just moisten her lips with water. PEFAP 001 7.2: Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from anaphylactic shock. During an anaphylactic reaction, chemicals are released into the blood that widen (dilate) blood vessels and  cause blood pressure to fall. Air passages then narrow (constrict), resulting in breathing difficulties. In addition, the tongue and throat can swell, obstructing the airway. An infant or child with anaphylactic shock will need urgent medical help as this can be fatal. The following signs and symptoms may come all at once and the child may rapidly lose consciousness: High-pitched wheezing sound Blotchy, itchy, raised rash Swollen eyelids, lips and tongue Difficulty speaking, then breathing Abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea If you suspect an infant or child is suffering from anaphylactic shock, follow the steps below: Call an ambulance. If the child has had a reaction previously, she will have medication to take in case of more attacks. This should be given as soon as the attack starts, following the instructions closely. Help the child into a comfortable sitting position to relieve any breathing problems and loosen any tight clothing at her neck and waist. Comfort and reassure her while you wait for the ambulance. If the child loses consciousness, open her airway, check her breathing and be prepared to stat rescue breaths. PEFAP 001 6.2: Describe the types and severity of bleeding and the affect it has on an infant and a child. Even tiny a mounts of blood can seem like a lot to a child. Any bleeding may frighten children because they are too young to realise that the blood loss will stop when clotting occurs. When a child loses a large amount of blood, he or she may suffer shock or even become unconscious. Platelets and proteins come into contact with the injured site and plug the wound. This process begins within ten minutes if the loss of blood is brought under control. There are different types of bleeding: Bleeding from arteries : This will pump blood from the wound in time with the heartbeat and is bright re in colour. If the bleeding from a major artery will lead to shock, unresponsiveness and death within minutes. Bleeding from veins: The bold will gush from the wound or pool at the site of the wound. This will depend on the size of the vein that has been damaged. The blood will be dark red in colour due to the oxygen being depleted. Bleeding from  capillaries: Oozing at the site as with an abrasion or maybe internally from a bruising to muscle tissue and internal organs. PEFAP 001 6.3: Demonstrate the safe and effective management for the control of minor and major external bleeding. With minor bleeding from cuts and abrasions the emphasis is on keeping the wound clean and to control any blood loss. Wear disposable gloves Examine the injury for any embedded foreign objects Clean the injured area with cold water, using cotton wool or gauze Do not attempt to pick out pieces of gravel or grit from a graze. Just clean gently and cover with a light dressing if necessary Sit the child down if they feel weak and unsteady, position them on the floor. Elevate the injury to control any bold loss Record the injury and treatment in the Accident Report Book and make sure that the parents/carers of the child are in formed. When a child is bleeding severely, your main aim is to stem the flow of blood. With severe wounds and bleeding the emphasis is on controlling blood loss and treating for shock. Wear disposable gloves Sit or lay the child down on the floor to help prevent shock Examine the injury to establish the extent of the wound and to check for any foreign embedded objects Try to stop the bleeding: Apply direct pressure to the wound: use a dressing or a non-fluffy material, such as a clean tea towel Elevate the affected part if possible: if the wound is on an arm or leg, raise the injured limb above the level of the heart Apply a dressing: if the blood soaks through, do not remove the dressing, apply another on top and so on Support the injured part and treat the child for shock. Keep them warm and do not let them have anything to eat or drink Call 999/112 for an ambulance and monitor the child’s condition Contact the child’s parents or carers If the child loses consciousness, follow the ABC procedure for resuscitation Always record the incident and the treatment given in the Accident Report  Book. Always wear disposable gloves if in an early years setting, to prevent cross-infection.

Ethical Issues Related to Fetal Tissue Research :: Ethics Religion Essays

Ethical Issues Related to Fetal Tissue Research The use of fetal tissue in biomedical research has been a hot topic for debate in social and political forums ever sense the landmark decision in the 1973 case of Roe vs. Wade (Beller & Weir 182). The decision of the Supreme Court to give women the right to abort a fetus without having a medical reason for doing so, sparked controversy which has affected any medical procedure or research dealing with fetuses (Bellar &Weir 182). Supporters of fetal tissue research believe it has too much potential to provide cures for many of the diseases and medical problems that plague today’s society for it to be halted. Opponents of this type of research believe it should be stopped because it is unethical to take the life of one human being in order to preserve the life of another. Until the ruling in Roe vs. Wade experiments involving fetal tissue were conducted without any scrutiny from the public sector (Maynard-Moody 13). The first documented procedure involving the transplant of fetal tissue was carried out by Italian researchers in 1928, doctors transplanted the pancreas of a fetus into a diabetes patient, the patient showed no signs of improvement (Maynard-Moody 11). Research involving fetal tissue didn’t become widespread until the 1960’s. In 1957, a non-habit-forming sleeping pill was released in Europe. The pill was widely used in Europe, but not approved in the United States. A few years after the release of the drug there was a sharp rise in the amount of European babies born with phocomelia or â€Å"seal limbs† this increase was traced back to the drug (Maynard-Moody 11). Shortly after this medical disaster, the United States government passed legislation that made pharmaceutical companies prove drugs were not harmful to unborn children before they could be prescribed for pregnant women. The need to test pharmaceuticals prompted an explosive growth in the amount of money and resources used for fetal tissue research (Maynard-Moody 13). During the late 60’s and early 70’s this research was viewed as a new and exciting field of medicine and many important medical advances were made. But after the ruling in Roe vs. Wade fetal tissue research was brought under the scrutiny of pro-life advocates, seeking to protect the rights of unborn children (Maynard-Moody 13).

Technological Development

The primary purpose off gas mask is to prevent deadly gases or poisonous material from accessing the lungs and attacking the person. It does not deliver its own oxygen supply, but cleans out the particles. They can also shield the face from any interaction poisons or gases. Machine Guns:Until the machine gun was created, we only had rifles which was slow. You could only shoot one bullet at a time and then you had to load another bullet into the chamber using the bolt. When you used the bolt, it would refuse the consumed container shell and load the next one into the chamber. This had to be done for every shot fired, and was cumbersome and took time. The machine gun is designed to shoot continuously hundreds of ammunitions per minute. The outcome it had been was to execute a lot of soldiers and far more than ever could be killed by soldiers equipped with rifles.An additional thing that help making the machine gun so effective was with the way the soldiers were trained to bring attack on the target. All of them would run toward the waves. This was in effect means when the adversary was only armed with rifles where you had to aim to shoot the enemy. But, when an army of running men encountered machine guns they were trimmed down effortlessly. These particular firepower might even have even played a part of bringing the war to an end. Telephone: The aim of the harmonic telegraph is to perceptibly connect with people ho are without reach straightaway.Before the telephone, long distance messages were through telegraph machines that were less efficient and took longer to get messages across because only dots and dashes at the time could be communicated. Telephones are predominantly used for fast communication and crises. The vital thing to medical survival in many bad conditions is for the wounded person to get medical assistance quickly. Back then before when the telephone wasn't invented, it was hard for people to get assistance quickly. Telephones allow for rapid i mmunization during normal catastrophes as well.That way it is likely for the government to give warning to people of imminent disaster before they come. The telephone also has the function of easy conversation in average day's circumstances like calling to order items such as pies, cabs, pizza or flowers. People may talk in an ordinary way to discuss their lives Just as they would if they were at the same places. Radio: radio came out when televisions didn't exist, but it was used in a similar function as we use a TV currently, like being attentive to comedy shows and music.When the TV was created, the radio lost its fame and popularity as a result of folks favored the TV more. However, radios were convenient that they became mainly used primarily for music shows and speaking. And, that their purpose nowadays. In today's world radio is free and this is a good thing because we are usually paying for some sort of entertainment. Moreover, if you are driving you can turn on the radio an d get updated news on traffic Jams or being on the lookout and music that you can enjoy while driving.

Consumer Behavior

What does the purchase of a product like Nike mean to Sunder Singh? Sunder Sing, just escaping homelessness is clearly proud that he was able to save and buy a pair of Nikes. He could undoubtedly have purchase a different brand that would have met his physical needs as well for much less money which he does not say why he bought the more expensive Nikes, a reasonable interpretation is that they serve as a visible symbol that Sunder Singh is back as a successful. Sunder Singh is not Unique among low-income consumer in wanting and buying items such as Nike shoes.As one expert says. â€Å"The low income consumer wants the same product and services other consumer want†. He suggests that marketing efforts reflect those desires. Another expert state. There’s this stereotype that they don’t have enough money for toothpaste and that’s just not true. There has been some significance to them being called lower income, but they do buy things. The working poor are for ced to spend a disproportionate present of theirs income on housing, utilities and medical care due to lack of insurance.They generally relay on public transportation, they spend a smaller portion of their relatively small income on meals away from home and all forms of entertainment such as admission, pets and toys; they spend very little on their own financial security. However Sunder Singh illustrated they spend the same percent of their income though a smaller amount on apparel and accessories. 2. What does the story say about our society and the impact of marketing on consumer behavior? â€Å"Society can exist without Marketing, but Marketing cannot exist without Society†Marketing is the management process of anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer’s requirements. The various conventional marketing tools- advertising, branding, direct marketing, sales promotion, publicity & public relations. Effect of marketing on society, in particular on Vulnerable Gro ups Marketing and society, the commensuration of the two words raises a few eyebrows, as it is highly debatable. On the one hand, Society thrives on the marketing efforts of the Companies, while another school of thought argues that marketing makes the society more materialistic.Today, striking a balance between the two is the challenge faced by the Marketers. The society expects the business to be ethical and desires corporate executives, at all levels to apply ethical principles in other words, guidelines as to what is right and wrong, fair and unfair, and morally correct, when they make business decisions. Advertisers are traditionally use techniques to which children and adolescents are more susceptible, such as product placement in TV shows, tie in between movies and fast food restaurants, to mention a few.Therefore there exist many marketing evils that lure people to buy even when not required. Case III Star Airways 1. What is likely to be the decision process in case of choos ing an airline? Buyer decision processes are the decesion making processes undertaken by consumers in regard to a potential market transaction before, during, and after the purchase of a product or service. More generally, decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. Decision making is said to be a psychological construct.This means that although we can never â€Å"see† a decision, we can infer from observable behaviour that a decision has been made. Therefore we conclude that a psychological event that we call â€Å"decision making† has occurred. It is a construction that imputes commitment to action. That is, based on observable actions, we assume that people have made a commitment to effect the action. In general there are three ways of analysing consumer buying decisions. They are: * Economic models – These models are largely quantitative and are based on the assumptions of rationality and near pe rfect knowledge.The consumer is seen to maximize their utility * Psychological models – These models concentrate on psychological and cognitive processes such as motivation and need recognition. They are qualitative rather than quantitative and build on sociological factors like cultural influences and family influences. * Consumer behaviour models – These are practical models used by marketers. They typically blend both economic and psychological models. Consumer decision making is best summarised in the following diagramProblem recognition: The need for new airlines Consumers of India received a problem with the product that is offered by other similar airlines. The consumer choose product because of their quality and service. Information Search: Surfs the internet to learn about airlines. View TV ad, hear from family members or friends. May read certain magazine when at home or outside Evaluation of Alternative and selection compares several airlines in terms of rep utation and available features, Price point and discount offered free gifts.Purchase decision: Choose on airline it has a feature that really appeals to him and buys it Purchase Behavior dissonance and complex evaluation. 2. Would this plan suggested by the vice president help in convincing the customers to use Star Airways? Give your reasons. Consumer decision making process is a list of steps that are carried out by consumers concerning to a potential market transaction, before, during and after the purchase of a product or service. The process includes identifying the problem, collecting information, evaluating the alternatives, making the purchase decision and evaluating post purchase.Information search when a consumer discovers a problem or a need, he or she is likely to search for more information on how to solve it. The information search stage involves gathering information from various sources in order to make a better-informed decision, it helps clarifies the options open to the consumer which may involve internal search Understanding customer needs is the keystone to Star Airways success. The most successful companies understand the value of their customers as they measure success through the amount of customers they serve each year.Increasing customer base is a goal and a challenge that every company must face. Listening to customers and researching the market will provide a company with opportunities to become an industry leader. Finding cost effective ways to meet customer demands are at the root of the challenge. Star Airways must face this challenge head-on while keeping the customer in the forefront of any action the company takes. They must develop products that will appeal to customers and draw in new business. This problem solution will discuss opportunities and well as analyze an optimal solution.That will assist Star Airways in achieving their goals. The variety of successful strategies in use today was in full display at the ATW Winning Strategies conference in Washington, where some of the airline industry's keenest minds shared their wisdom. Dr. Adam Pilarski, senior VP at consultancy Avitas, opened the conference with a controversial statement, â€Å"the myth of overcapacity is an urban legend,† pointing out that historically high load factors should push fares up. â€Å"If airlines don't make money when they have the highest load factors ever, there is something wrong with their business model. He implied that airline managers over think their strategies and fail to follow what he called â€Å"Adam's Rule: Revenue greater than cost equals good. † The first thing to do is â€Å"Don't be stupid,† he said, adding a list of â€Å"stupid† strategies: Don't insult customers. No extreme yield management. No bad airline names. No adversary relations with employees. Do not have stupid business plans. â€Å"Please remember you are in a service industry,† he said, and try to avoid what former Continental CEO Gordon Bethune referred to as â€Å"sky nazi† cabin service.He criticized â€Å"nickel-and-dime† attitudes toward cutting amenities, scoffing at airlines' publicized moves to remove olives and pillows. You must cut costs in ways that make sense, related to productivity. † Cost control â€Å"has to fit the business model, and must be related to productivity. † The plan suggested by the VP Marketing, Anil Saxena, felt that the company needed to advertise its dedication to quality and rebuild an image of being discussions with the advertising agency to launch a campaign in the near future.Advertising: Convincing the Consumer when a company wants their product to sell to consumers, they give them a reason why their product is better than others. Advertising sells to consumers wants not just to their needs. People need a car but want a Cadillac. They need clothes, but they want Ralph-Lauren. When most people flip though ads the go fairly fast, therefore it must grab their attention. A good ad allows the reader to instantly recognize the concept being communicated. It sends a simple and easy message to the reader of the benefits they will get if they use their product.Cigar, cigarette, and alcohol ads in the mid 1900's persuade the reader that their products provide a beneficial and pleasurable experience. Case IV Mouse-Rid 1. Has Shobha identified the best target market for Mouse-Rid? Why or why not? Shobha has targeted women for the product. She feels that women are the best group to target because they don’t like the mess or the risks created by traditional mouse traps. This is a good marketing segment to start off with but there are a couple of things that Shobha could have improved on.First off, she should have probably segmented women into a couple different groups. In today’s world all women don’t’ stay at home and take care of kids. In fact the population of women that do that is r apidly shrinking and being replaced by independent professionals. In effect, by targeting women that stay at home, Shobha is targeting a shrinking market. She could probably segment women into a couple different categories. For example: working women, single women, house wives, etc. There are also other markets which Shobha could target.Some other market segments that hold large potential for the Trap-Ease are market like environmentalist, animal lovers, corporate business and families. The Trap-Ease mouse trap is re-useable and therefore creates less of a strain on the environment which would make it very attractive things for environmentalists and people who care about the earth. The environmentalist market is also growing as people became more aware of global warming and other problems such as deforestation. Animal lovers would love the Trap-Ease mouse trap because it doesn’t require poison or pose the risk of snapping closed on a paw or tongue of a pet.Corporate Business would probably like the Trap-Ease mouse trap because of its high qualitymore futuristic image and the fact that it would create as much of a mess. They wouldprobably be less hesitant to have them sitting around the office. Families with kidsshould be the primary market segment of Trap-Ease seeing as it will probably be their largest. Mouse traps and poison pose a very large risk to infants and toddlers and caringmothers and fathers would probably happily buy a product which would better protecttheir children.It seems that the Trap-Ease mouse trap has positioned itself in the market as being a veryinnovative and well engineered product. It has done this by winning awards from tradeshows and magazines. If it is better able to connect these features of the mouse traps withthe needs and wants of their target consumers then they should be able to generate alarger demand. They could also try to change it’s position a little bit. Trap-Ease could also position the product as causing less waist because it is re-useable o rthey could lower it’s cost and make it more affordable.By making it â€Å"the mostaffordable, innovative mouse trap† on the market they could probably gain some moredemand. Another way in which they could position their product would be by having an incredibly good customer service team that could deliver services to their customers thatwere having problems using the product. By having a good customer service team theycould build better relationships with their customers and increase their customer equity The marketing mix of a company consists of the four P’s: Product, Price, Place andPromotion.Currently Trap-Ease only has one product, their mouse trap. They probably could create a couple different versions of their mouse trap in order to offer more variety. The higher price of their mouse trap seems to be consistent with a quality differentiationstrategy but they probably could offer a wider range of prices on the differe nt models oftheir trap if they chose to widen their product range. Right now they are trying todistribute their product through stores like Kmart and Safeway. A really good market tohit would probably be the internet.People on in the internet are often times into quality,ease of use, and innovativeness and don’t mind spending a little more money to get whatthey want. It is also a high profit market because it reduces transportation costs and thereare no middle man costs. The promotion of the Trap-Ease mouse trap seems to be one oftheir largest problems. They should promote over the internet for certain on sites thatthey think their target market will be visiting and they should also think about putting outads on TV. In this changing high tech environment magazine ads aren’t enough anymore.Trap-Ease America’s competition is any company that creates mouse traps. They face amarket in which large volume of low quality low cost mouse traps are sold. There arealso poi sons that are sold which are a danger to pets and animals as well as the mice theyare supposed to kill. There are also other versions of live catch mouse traps out there. An example of one of Trap-Ease’s competition is d-CON who offers both baits and traps. They actually also offer a version of a no touch mouse trap in which you don’t have totouch the mouse after you have trapped it.They are selling this for 150 which is higher then the suggested retail price for the Trap-Ease mouse trap which is 1:0 six times more expensive. This would suggest that Trap-Ease has priced lower then some of its competitors which will give it apricing advantage. Companies such as Havahart offer traps which humanely catcheverything from mice to voles and shrews and are competition for the humane factors ofthe Trap-Ease trap. Other competitors include: Victor, JT Eaton and Riddex. The first thing I would do to change Trap-Ease’s marketing strategy would be to increasethe amount of pe ople in their marketing team.Although Martha was probably trying tokeep down costs by not hiring anyone for her marketing team she made one importantmistake. One of the most important things when coming out with a new product is themarketing because until you’ve communicated the benefits of your product to the consumer there will not be sufficient demand for it. Her entry into the market was toosmall scale and chances are that with such an innovative product that the company willdo better in the long run with a larger scale entry. She should have asked for a largerbudget and hired more people for the marketing team.She should have then put muchmore work into the Analysis of her target markets and perhaps expanded her scope oftarget markets while increasing the segmentation. This would allow her to betterdifferentiate her product. I would put in operating controls and strategic controls in order to monitor the marketingteam’s progress and make sure that what they are do ing is consistent with the company’sgoals and strategy. These controls would very important for gathering the informationthat would form the strategies in the coming years.It would also probably help to do amarket audit at some point during the first year just to make sure that things are runningsmoothly and it shouldn’t cost that much to do one at such an early stage in thecompanies development because of the smaller volume of papers to audit. Summary Targeting: The targeting should have been done within a broader demographic area. Slums, warehouses, go downs, docks, kirana shops, retail stores, restaurant, canteens and cold storages must be targeted for potential customers. The segmenting must avail wholesalers and the intermediaries too part from the retailers. Marketing channels like Toll-free numbers, newspaper, television, radio and mobile marketing must be used effectively to target MEN. Pest control companies must be primarily targeted and a joint venture can b e planned if necessary. We should target to environmentalists, animal lovers and corporate business. 2. Does Shobha have enough needed data on consumer behavior? What type of consumer research should Shobha conduct? Shobha have no enough needed data on consumer behaviour. She should adopt the following data collection methods †¢ DATA COLLECTION METHODS DESK RESEARCH OR SECONDARY DATA â€Å"Secondary data consists of information that already exists somewhere, having been collected for another purpose†. In other words, secondary data are those which have been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through statistical process, there are two sources of this data: Internal sources – this is data which is available within the company, although companies do not make full enough use of the information that is routinely collected. External sources – this is data which has been published for commercial reasons.A key source of secondary data is t he library service and most good libraries have a wide range of sources. Some government data is available free, other secondary data can be very expensive. It is important in a research project to know what data is available since this will guide the structure and format of the fieldwork in the primary data collection stage. It is possible that secondary data sources can provide the complete answer to the problem under scrutiny. The least it will do is save time and money in directing the scope of the field work. It can also influence the choice of data collection methods used in the field ork. Primary Data – Kotler and Armstrong say that â€Å"primary data consists of information collected for the specific purpose at hand†. In other words, primary data are those, which are collected afresh and for first time and thus happen to be original in character. Once the desk research is complete the researcher will have a much clearer idea of: †¢ The up-to-date and relev ant data †¢ What data still needs to be collected to find a solution to the problem under scrutiny. †¢ To achieve the data and information the research teams need to answer certain questions: What is it necessary to know?Who will have the information which is sought? What is the best method (quick and efficient) to use to collect this data? †¢ It is important to streamline the answers to these questions to avoid collecting a mass of irrelevant data by inappropriate or inefficient methods. The two types of data are: Quantitative Data – As the term implies this is data which is expressed in numbers. Quantitative data is quite easy to collect, and a large amount of reliable and valid data can be collected largely by questionnaire in quite a short period of time. It is a fairly formal approach.This data arises from what is termed â€Å"closed questions† because the respondent is restricted in the choice of answer the respondent can give. Qualitative data â⠂¬â€œ Qualitative data is obtained from group discussions or in-depth interviews and its findings are based on content rather than numeric analysis. Qualitative data is said to be much more subjective than its counterpart. Questions are open-ended and can lead to a free ranging and in-depth discussion on a specific point which provides a variety of rich data. There are no numbers or digits in this data and it is not subject to statistical interpretation.TYPES OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION 1) OBSERVATION : Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for the researcher when it serves a formulated research purpose is systematically planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity and reliability. Under the observation method the information is sought by way of investigators own direct observation without asking from respondent. 2) SURVEYS: Surveys are concerned with describing, recording, analyzing and interpreting conditions that exist or existed.The researcher does not manipulate the variable or arrange for events to happen Surveys are only concerned with conditions or relationships that exist, opinions that are held, processes that are going on, effects that are evident or trends that are developing. They are primarily concerned with present but at times do consider past events and influences as they relate to current conditions. 3) Experiment: Experiment may be conducted in lab or in the field. The researcher can test the relative sales appeals for package, designs, price, promotional offers and copy themes etc. , by designing suitable experiments to identify cause and effect.The first thing I would do to change is marketing strategy would be to increasethe amount of people in their marketing team. Although Shobha was probably trying to keep down costs by not hiring anyone for her marketing team she made one important mistake. One of the most important things when coming out with a new product is the marketing because until you’ve communicated the benefits of your product to the consumer there will not be sufficient demand for it. Her entry into the market was too small scale and chances are that with such an innovative product that the company will do better in the long run with a larger scale entry.She should have asked for a larger budget and hired more people for the marketing team. She should have then put much more work into the Analysis of her target markets and perhaps expanded her scope of target markets while increasing the segmentation. This would allow her to better differentiate her product. I would put in operating controls and strategic controls in order to monitor the marketing team’s progress and make sure that what they are doing is consistent with the company’s goals and strategy. These controls would very important for gathering the information that would form the strategies in the coming years.It would also probably help to do amarket audit at som e point during the first year just to make sure that things are runningsmoothly and it shouldn’t cost that much to do one at such an early stage in thecompanies development because of the smaller volume of papers to audit. 3. What type of advertising can influence consumers for this type of product? . The low cost of posters and handbills encouraged a numberof publishers to experiment with other methods. Method were useful fo rinforming and reminding and reminding, they could not do the whole promotional job.Theywere used only to reach each consumer personally. The merchant still used personal persuasiononce the customers were attracted to his store. The invention of hand press increased the potentialities of advertising. times, posters had made their appearance, and assumed the function of fostering demand for the product. CASE VI Impact of Retail Promotions on Consumers 1 Why would some consumers have high-involvement levels in learning about this sales promotion? A good de finition of sales promotion would be as follows: â€Å"An activity designed to boost the sales of a product or service.It may include an advertising campaign, increased PR activity, a free-sample campaign, offering free gifts or trading stamps, arranging demonstrations or exhibitions, setting up competitions with attractive prizes, temporary price reductions, door-to-door calling, telemarketing, personal letters on other methods†. More than any other element of the promotional mix, sales promotion is about â€Å"action†. It is about stimulating customers to buy a product. It is not designed to be informative – a role which advertising is much better suited to. Sales promotion is commonly referred to as â€Å"Below the Line† promotion.Sales promotion can be directed at: †¢ The ultimate consumer (a â€Å"pull strategy† encouraging purchase) †¢ The distribution channel (a â€Å"push strategy† encouraging the channels to stock the prod uct). This is usually known as â€Å"selling into the trade† Some customers show high level of involvement in sales promotion is to know about the features product, competitor’s product which replace the same product, price and discount offered for the product. Additional kit or benefit for the product, and to know what the new arrivals in the market are. Customers will also learn about he stores and its goodwill by such type of sales promotions. Is a level of 75 per cent comprehension realistic among those who become aware of an ad? Why or why not? Results of the study showed that ad exposure was 75 per cent and ad awareness level was 68 per cent and was considered as high. Only 43 percent respondents exposed to and aware of the ad copy could accurately recall important details, such as the name of the store promoting the retail sale. Just 43 per cent correct interpretation was considered as low. Of those who could accurately interpret the ad copy, 32 per cent said th ey intended to respond by purchasing the advertised · products ‘ and 68per cent sad they had no intention to buy.This yields an overall intention to buy of 7 per cent. The largest area of lost opportunity was due to those who did not accurately interpret the ad copy. The post-promotion survey indicated that only 4. 2 per cent of the target market customers made purchases of the promoted products during the promotion period. In terms of how the buyers learned of the promotion, 46 per cent mentioned newspaper A (Hindi), 27 per cent newspaper B (Hindi), 8 per cent newspaper (English), and 15 per cent learned about sale through word-of mouth communication. Do you think such promotions are likely to influence the quality image of the retail store? Explain. Basically, promotion is first introduced in the 4Ps of marketing. The four Ps represents the marketing mix (Product, Price, Place ; Promotion) and the promotional mix is the important term used to explain the set of tools of th e business. This is applied to achieve benefit of its products and services from its consumer and the followings are (Advertising, Public relation, Direct Marketing, Personal selling and Sales promotion) On the other hand consumer behaviour is another important aspect in the retail business sector.Consumers are not always normal/simple buyer. There are many aspects involved in buying decision process. They hold strategic shopping manner at the time of buying a product or services from a company. The main aim and objective of this research is such promotions are likey to influence the qulity immage of the retials store. Such Sales promotion has a great impact and influence on consumer buying behaviour in the retails stores – based on Tesco retail store. Such sales promotion role has a great impact on consumer buying behaviour.It has a great and strong significance role on retail industry sector. Basically sales promotions strategies used as a short-term technique tool which pr incipal objective is to influence the ultimate buyers to try a brand or change their mind to another brand. Sales promotion represent to discount a brand, it can be directly or indirectly, directly price reduction or indirectly through coupons ; premiums. But when the retail stores withdraw the sales promotion, then the normal price should have had a inferior value and the result of this should have had a negative impact on consumer buying behavior.The study focuses the significant attitude, perception of the consumer behaviour and it reflects the consumer loyalty on the basis of customer relationship management. Here the findings and analysis have discovered the vital reason that impacts positively on consumer buying behaviour and in the sales volume. ———————– Need and Problem recognition Information Search Evaluation and Selection Decision Implementation Post Purchase Processes Consumer Behavior 2. What is the basic difference between a fad, a fashion, a classic, and a trend? Provide example of each. A fashion refers to a style that is accepted by a large group of people at a given time such as skinny jeans. Some styles become classics, which are styles that become acceptable and in good taste anytime and place such as the classic black dress. A fad is a short lived fashion that suddenly becomes popular and quickly disappears; generally it only affects a specific group of the population such as low rise jeans wore by juniors. A trend is a general direction or movement as a style begins to be accepted such as the revival of high-waist jeans made from a light denim which also were worn in the 60-70s. 11. State some differences between the positivist and interpretivist approaches to consumer research. For each type of inquiry give examples of product dimensions what would be more usefully explored using that type of research over the other. Positivist assume the nature of reality is objective, tangible, and single, while the interprevisit believe that nature of reality is socially constructed and multiple, this should be used with products that are socially minded and include interactions based on technology such as social networking. Positivist have a goal of prediction which is good when trying to create trend reports and in the process of product development, while interpretivist goal is of understanding, this would be most useful when analyzing behavior toward products already on the market. . What is the difference between an enacted norm and a crescive norm? Identify the set of crescive norms operating when a man and a woman in your culture go out for dinner on a first date. What would they wear? An enacted norm are explicitly decided upon while crescive norms are embedded in a culture and are only discovered through interaction with other members’ of the culture. When a young man and woman go out on a first date, if they are both from the same culture then they are following crescive norms, because they are both following the norms which are accepted within their given culture. If they are both from completely different cultures, then they would be operating on enacted norms. What they would wear would be determined based upon what is accepted in their culture as appropriate wear for the occasion. 3. Read the Article â€Å" Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† and discuss what is going on. Consumer Behavior 2. What is the basic difference between a fad, a fashion, a classic, and a trend? Provide example of each. A fashion refers to a style that is accepted by a large group of people at a given time such as skinny jeans. Some styles become classics, which are styles that become acceptable and in good taste anytime and place such as the classic black dress. A fad is a short lived fashion that suddenly becomes popular and quickly disappears; generally it only affects a specific group of the population such as low rise jeans wore by juniors. A trend is a general direction or movement as a style begins to be accepted such as the revival of high-waist jeans made from a light denim which also were worn in the 60-70s. 11. State some differences between the positivist and interpretivist approaches to consumer research. For each type of inquiry give examples of product dimensions what would be more usefully explored using that type of research over the other. Positivist assume the nature of reality is objective, tangible, and single, while the interprevisit believe that nature of reality is socially constructed and multiple, this should be used with products that are socially minded and include interactions based on technology such as social networking. Positivist have a goal of prediction which is good when trying to create trend reports and in the process of product development, while interpretivist goal is of understanding, this would be most useful when analyzing behavior toward products already on the market. . What is the difference between an enacted norm and a crescive norm? Identify the set of crescive norms operating when a man and a woman in your culture go out for dinner on a first date. What would they wear? An enacted norm are explicitly decided upon while crescive norms are embedded in a culture and are only discovered through interaction with other members’ of the culture. When a young man and woman go out on a first date, if they are both from the same culture then they are following crescive norms, because they are both following the norms which are accepted within their given culture. If they are both from completely different cultures, then they would be operating on enacted norms. What they would wear would be determined based upon what is accepted in their culture as appropriate wear for the occasion. 3. Read the Article â€Å" Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† and discuss what is going on. Consumer Behavior 2. What is the basic difference between a fad, a fashion, a classic, and a trend? Provide example of each. A fashion refers to a style that is accepted by a large group of people at a given time such as skinny jeans. Some styles become classics, which are styles that become acceptable and in good taste anytime and place such as the classic black dress. A fad is a short lived fashion that suddenly becomes popular and quickly disappears; generally it only affects a specific group of the population such as low rise jeans wore by juniors. A trend is a general direction or movement as a style begins to be accepted such as the revival of high-waist jeans made from a light denim which also were worn in the 60-70s. 11. State some differences between the positivist and interpretivist approaches to consumer research. For each type of inquiry give examples of product dimensions what would be more usefully explored using that type of research over the other. Positivist assume the nature of reality is objective, tangible, and single, while the interprevisit believe that nature of reality is socially constructed and multiple, this should be used with products that are socially minded and include interactions based on technology such as social networking. Positivist have a goal of prediction which is good when trying to create trend reports and in the process of product development, while interpretivist goal is of understanding, this would be most useful when analyzing behavior toward products already on the market. . What is the difference between an enacted norm and a crescive norm? Identify the set of crescive norms operating when a man and a woman in your culture go out for dinner on a first date. What would they wear? An enacted norm are explicitly decided upon while crescive norms are embedded in a culture and are only discovered through interaction with other members’ of the culture. When a young man and woman go out on a first date, if they are both from the same culture then they are following crescive norms, because they are both following the norms which are accepted within their given culture. If they are both from completely different cultures, then they would be operating on enacted norms. What they would wear would be determined based upon what is accepted in their culture as appropriate wear for the occasion. 3. Read the Article â€Å" Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† and discuss what is going on.

Contrasting Moods of Two Paintings essays

Contrasting Moods of Two Paintings essays When analyzing Julian Alden Weirs Portrait of Alexander Webb Weir and Thomas Wilmer Dewings Green and Gold, one notices the color and the texture of the brushwork and the compositions of the figures define the contrasting moods of these two pieces. The position and expressions of the figures and the use of color and painting styles are the main differences between the two works of art. The poses of the figures in each painting portray the paintings mood. Even at first glance, the two paintings reveal their contrasting moods. Weirs large, stiff figure appears to be more aggressive compared to the small, relaxed figure in Dewings painting. The figure in Green and Gold stands relaxed, with her hand on her hip and not making any eye contact with the viewer. These characteristics of Green and Gold force the painting to be calm and peaceful. While the Portrait of Alexander is intimidating; he sits stiff with his hands crossed on his lap, staring straight at the viewer. Although the figure in Portrait of Alexander is constrained, the brushwork in the background is chaotic to the point where the objects are hard to make out. This background contrasts greatly with Green and Gold. Dewings background is blank; the colors of the background actually start to blend with the colors towards the bottom of the womans gown. The painting styles of Weir and Dewing contrast greatly to give each painting a unique mood. The subtle colors of Green and Gold are used to show the movement of the womans gown rather than using the brushwork to show movement. The colors are blended together throughout Dewings painting to make a smooth texture. Weirs brushwork is careless to the point that its distracting from the objects in the painting. Weirs painting style appears to be much more forceful than Dewings. The painting styles and the composition of the figures in th...